{"id":232,"date":"2026-06-26T20:20:48","date_gmt":"2026-06-26T11:20:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jasp.sub.jp\/jsasp\/?page_id=232"},"modified":"2026-07-08T12:22:00","modified_gmt":"2026-07-08T03:22:00","slug":"instruction-for-authors","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/jasp.sub.jp\/jsasp\/pain-research\/instruction-for-authors\/","title":{"rendered":"Instruction for Authors"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">AIMS AND SCOPE<\/h3>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PAIN Research is an official publication of the Japanese Association for the Study of Pain (JASP). PAIN Research is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal that advances basic, experimental, applied or clinical approaches for pain. This journal publishes a global forum in all aspects of pain research and management as \u201cResearch Reports\u201d, \u201cTechnical Reports\u201d, \u201cShort Communications\u201d, \u201cCase Reports\u201d, \u201cMicro Reports\u201d, \u201cReviews\u201d or \u201cMini-Reviews\u201d. PAIN Research also welcomes submissions reporting the results of pain-related abnormal sensations such as itch, hypoesthesia, paresthesia and dysesthesia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">GUIDE FOR AUTHORS<\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Notice<\/h4>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Submissions that have been published or accepted, or are under consideration for publication, with essentially the same content, will not be considered. This restriction does not apply to results published as an abstract, letters to editors, or as submissions for symposia. Manuscripts should be written in a clear, concise, logical and direct style. The criteria for acceptance are the novelty, originality, and significance of the research, as well as scientific and ethical soundness, in pain and its related fields. Manuscripts are usually peer reviewed by the Section or Associated Editors and two anonymous reviewers. Final acceptance or rejection rests with the Editorial Board, who reserves the right to refuse the publication.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Article sections<\/h4>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Articles are published under the following sections:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"is-style-vk-check-mark wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Basic Section<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Clinical Section<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Authors can select the section in which they prefer their article to appear, but final decision is the editor\u2019s.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Article types<\/h4>\n<div class=\"price-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"price-table\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th rowspan=\"2\">Article type<\/th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\">Word count<sup>1<\/sup> (printed page)<\/th>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Article Processing Charge<sup>2<\/sup><\/th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\">Manuscript Formatting Requirements<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"white-space: nowrap;\">JASP members<\/th>\n<th style=\"white-space: nowrap;\">non-members<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Research Reports<\/td>\n<td><strong>4,000<\/strong><br \/>\n(8 printed pages)<\/td>\n<td>\u00a5 <strong>100,000 JPY<\/strong><br \/>\n(<sup>3<\/sup>$ <strong>770 USD<\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>\u00a5 <strong>150,000 JPY<\/strong><br \/>\n(<sup>3<\/sup>$ <strong>1,150 USD<\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>Abstract (250 words); 5 keywords; Main text: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion (Introduction + Discussion &lt; 1,500 words); no more than 60 references and 8 Figs. and\/or Tables<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Technical Reports<\/td>\n<td><strong>4,000<\/strong><br \/>\n(8 printed pages)<\/td>\n<td>\u00a5 <strong>100,000 JPY<\/strong><br \/>\n(<sup>3<\/sup>$ <strong>770 USD<\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>\u00a5 <strong>150,000 JPY<\/strong><br \/>\n(<sup>3<\/sup>$ <strong>1,150 USD<\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>Abstract (250 words); 5 keywords; Main text: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion (Introduction + Discussion &lt; 1,500 words); no more than 60 references and 8 Figs. and\/or Tables<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Short Communications<\/td>\n<td><strong>1,500<\/strong><br \/>\n(3 printed pages)<\/td>\n<td>\u00a5 <strong>100,000 JPY<\/strong><br \/>\n(<sup>3<\/sup>$ <strong>770 USD<\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>\u00a5 <strong>150,000 JPY<\/strong><br \/>\n(<sup>3<\/sup>$ <strong>1,150 USD<\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>Abstract (150 words); 3 keywords; Main text: no specific headings required in main text; no more than 15 references and 3 Figs. and\/or Tables<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Case Reports<\/td>\n<td><strong>1,500<\/strong><br \/>\n(3 printed pages)<\/td>\n<td>\u00a5 <strong>60,000 JPY<\/strong><br \/>\n(<sup>3<\/sup>$ <strong>460 USD<\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>\u00a5 <strong>100,000 JPY<\/strong><br \/>\n(<sup>3<\/sup>$ <strong>770 USD<\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>Abstract (150 words); 3 keywords; Main text: no specific headings required in main text; no more than 15 references and 3 Figs. and\/or Tables<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Micro Reports<\/td>\n<td><strong>1,000<\/strong><br \/>\n(2 printed pages)<\/td>\n<td>\u00a5 <strong>60,000 JPY<\/strong><br \/>\n(<sup>3<\/sup>$ <strong>460 USD<\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>\u00a5 <strong>100,000 JPY<\/strong><br \/>\n(<sup>3<\/sup>$ <strong>770 USD<\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>Abstract (100 words); 3 keywords; Main text: no specific headings required in main text; no more than 10 references and 1 Fig. and\/or Table<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Reviews<\/td>\n<td><strong>8,000<\/strong><br \/>\n(20 printed pages)<\/td>\n<td>\u00a5 <strong>100,000 JPY<\/strong><br \/>\n(<sup>3<\/sup>$ <strong>770 USD<\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>\u00a5 <strong>150,000 JPY<\/strong><br \/>\n(<sup>3<\/sup>$ <strong>1,150 USD<\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>Abstract (250 words); 5 keywords; Main text: no specific headings required in main text; no more than 300 references<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mini-Reviews (invitation only)<\/td>\n<td><strong>4,000<\/strong><br \/>\n(10 printed pages)<\/td>\n<td>\uff0d<\/td>\n<td>\uff0d<\/td>\n<td>Abstract (250 words); 5 keywords; Main text: no specific headings required in main text; no more than 150 references<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>1<\/sup>Manuscript only-does NOT include abstract, references, figure legends<br \/>\n<sup>2<\/sup>Tax\/VAT excluded. If the number of printed pages exceeds the number specified above for each article, additional fees will be charged.<br \/>\n<sup>3<\/sup>APCs in USD (or GBP, EUR etc.) change according to the exchange rate against the Japanese yen at 1$ \u2248 130 yen (April 1, 2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Research Reports<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\nReporting original research work that has not been published in a journal previously. Presentation of an abstract in a scientific meeting or in a registry does not preclude its publication in the journal. The abstract is limited to 250 words, and main text should not exceed 4,000 words. A total of 8 figures and\/or tables and 60 references are permitted. The body of the article should not exceed eight printed pages.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Technical Reports<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\nThe purpose of <em>Technical Reports<\/em> is to update new technology, instrumentation, method, observation, project, statics, software, databases or other tools to inspire many pain researchers. This article type will also consider protocols for planned clinical research, prior to their performance, in the case that they are timely, cover pertinent topics, and encompass a large body of data. The abstract is limited to 250 words, and main text should not exceed 4,000 words. A total of 8 figures and\/or tables and 60 references are permitted. The body of the article should not exceed eight printed pages.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Short Communications<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Short Communications<\/em> are completed projects of smaller scope of topical interest. Generally, no pilot studies or preliminary results will be accepted. The abstract is limited to 150 words, and main text should not exceed 1,500 words. A total of 3 figures and\/or tables and 15 references are permitted. The body of the article should not exceed three printed pages.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Case Reports<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Case reports<\/em> must provide an original description of unreported, unexpected or unusual presentation of pain or pain-related abnormal sensations, an unexpected event in the course of observing or treating a patient, or a new perspective of case which poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Series of case reports are preferred than single case reports. The abstract is limited to 150 words, and main text should not exceed 1,500 words. A total of 3 figures and\/or tables and 15 references are permitted. The body of the article should not exceed three printed pages.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Micro Reports<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Micro Report<\/em> is a brief report on original research. This article type will consider the manuscript containing novel and important findings obtained from the pilot study. We will also consider negative results, which have been conducted rigorously with appropriate controls and replication. The abstract is limited to 100 words, and main text should not exceed 1,000 words. A total of 1 figure and\/or table and 10 references are permitted. The body of the article should not exceed two printed pages.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Reviews<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Review<\/em> is a critical overview of an important topic, field, discovery, or innovation in basic, experimental, applied or clinical researches on pain. These reviews are expected to include the authors\u2019 own recent interesting and significant results, and should be well-illustrated with high-quality figures. Any topics will be considered, but priority will be given to those addressing a major current problem and those with up-to-date literature reviews. We also accept either systematic review, and\/or meta-analysis. <em>Reviews<\/em> may be invited by the Editorial Boards or submitted by authors. All <em>Reviews<\/em> are subject to peer-review. The abstract is limited to 250 words, and main text should not exceed 8,000 words. A total of 300 references are permitted. The body of the article should not exceed 20 printed pages.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Mini-Reviews<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Mini-Review<\/em> is a short overview of an important topic, field, discovery, or innovation in basic, experimental, applied or clinical researches on pain. These reviews are expected to include the authors\u2019 own recent interesting and significant results, and should be well-illustrated with high-quality figures. <em>Mini-Reviews<\/em> can be only invited by the Editorial Boards. All <em>Mini-Reviews<\/em> are subject to peer-review. The abstract is limited to 250 words, and main text should not exceed 4,000 words. A total of 150 references are permitted. The body of the article should not exceed 10 printed pages.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Preparation of Manuscript<\/h4>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Manuscript text should be prepared using standard fonts, with double-spacing, and saved in MS-Word (.doc) or Rich Text Format (.rtf). Papers should be written in standard English, and insert page numbers at the bottom center. For authors whose native language is not English, the <em>Journal<\/em> strongly recommends brushing up the English of the manuscript by consulting English-speaking scientists before submission. <em>PAIN Research<\/em> can publish additional materials as \u201cSupplementary materials\u201d with a special link guiding from the manuscript to this material.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Structure of Manuscript<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Manuscript<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" style=\"margin-top: 0;\">\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Title page<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Abstract and keywords<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Main text<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Acknowledgements<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Declarations<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">References<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Figure legends<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top wp-block-list\" start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Tables<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Figures<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Supplementary materials<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Graphical Abstract<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1) Manuscript<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Title page<\/strong><br \/>\nThe title page should include:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" style=\"margin-top: 0;\">\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Article section (basic or clinical section)<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Article type (Research Reports, Technical Reports, Short Communications, Case Reports, Micro Reports, Reviews or Mini-Reviews)<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">The complete title of the manuscript. Titles should be no more than 25 words.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Full names of all authors<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">The affiliations and addresses of all authors at which the research was conducted<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">The name, address, telephone and e-mail address of the corresponding author<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abstract and keywords<\/strong><br \/>\nThe abstract should not exceed 250 words in Research Reports, Technical Reports, Reviews and Mini-reviews, 150 words in Short Communications and Case Reports, and 100 words in Micro Reports. It should describe the background, purpose, methods, results and conclusions of the research briefly. In any article types, no specific subheadings are required in abstract. It should contain only standard abbreviations and no references. A list of 5 keywords or short phrases (3 keywords or short phrases in Short Communications, Case Reports and Micro Reports) suitable for indexing should be included following the abstract.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Main text<\/strong><br \/>\nIn <em>Research Reports<\/em> and <em>Technical Reports<\/em>, main text contains the separate sections of Introduction, Material and Methods, Results and Discussion;<br \/>\nIntroduction should give a short and clear statement of the relevant background and the rationale of the study.<br \/>\nMaterials and Methods should include explicit, concise descriptions of all new methods or procedures employed. Commonly used methods may only cite the original source. The description should be such that the reader can judge the accuracy, reproducibility and reliability of the work.<br \/>\nResults should include experimental data but not extended discussions of its relative significance. Results are more easily grasped by readers if they are presented in graphic or tabular form rather than discursively. Data should not be repeated in the text, Tables, and Figures.<br \/>\nDiscussion should be pertinent to the results. Speculation is to be based on data only; be concise and clear. Lengthy discussions will necessarily mean a delay in accepting manuscripts for publication. The text should be written with a logical connection between the introduction and conclusions.<br \/>\nIn other article types, no specific headings are required in main text.<br \/>\nThe limitation of word number in main text depends on the article type.<br \/>\nAbbreviations should be defined at first mention and used consistently thereafter.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Acknowledgements<\/strong><br \/>\nAcknowledgement of technical help, material support, etc. should be placed in a separate section following the main text. The sources of financial should be given in the separate section \u201cDeclarations\u201d.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Declarations<\/strong><br \/>\nThe following statements and declaration should be included in a separate section \u2018Declarations\u2019 following the main text. If the article is accepted for publication, the disclosures will be published in the section.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Fundings<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\nAll sources of funding that have supported the work should be declared. The statement should include the name of the funding organization and grant number of any grants received. Please use the author initials to refer to each author\u2019s fundings.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Example statements:<br \/>\n\u201cThis study was partly supported by [X] (Grant numbers [xxxx] and [xxxx]). [AA] has received research support from Company Y.\u201d<br \/>\n\u201cThe authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received for this manuscript.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Competing interests<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\nAll financial or non-financial interests that are related to the research directly relevant to the content of the manuscript must be declared. Please use the author initials to refer to each author\u2019s competing interests.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Example statements:<br \/>\n\u201cFinancial interests: [AA] and [BB] declare they have no financial interests. [CC] has received speaker and consultant honoraria from Company X. [CC] has received speaker honorarium and research funding from Company X and Company Y, respectively. [DD] has received travel support from Company Z.\u201d<br \/>\n\u201cNon-financial interests: [EE] has served on advisory boards for Company X. [FF] is an unpaid member of committee Z.\u201d<br \/>\nIf the authors do not have any competing interests, please state \u201d The author(s) declare(s) that there is no conflict of interest\u201d.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Author contributions<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\nThe contribution of every author to the research and preparation of the manuscript should be specified. Please use author initials to refer to each author\u2019s contribution.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Example statement:<br \/>\n\u201cAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. [AA], [BB] and [CC] performed material preparation, data collection and analysis. [AA] and [BB] analyzed and interpreted the data. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [AA], and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to the above, manuscripts that report the results of studies involving human and\/or animal subjects should include the following declarations:<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Ethics approval<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\nAuthors of research involving human or animal subjects should include a statement that confirms that the study was approved by the appropriate ethics committee (including the name of the ethics committee and approval number, if available). For research involving animals, authors should supply detailed information on the ethical treatment of their animals. These statements should be disclosed in the Declaration section, but not in Materials and Methods section. If a study was granted exemption or did not require ethics approval, this should be detailed.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe protocol for this research project has been approved by the Ethics Committee of [X University] (Date \u2026\/Approval No. \u2026.) and it conforms to the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki.\u201d<br \/>\n\u201cThis is an observational study. The [Y Research Ethics Committee] has confirmed that no ethical approval is required.\u201d<br \/>\n\u201cAll procedures using animals were performed according to the ethical guidelines of Animal Research Committee of [X University] (Date \u2026\/ Approval No. \u2026.)\u201d.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For detailed information on relevant ethical standards and criteria, please refer to the sections on \u201cEthics Policies\u201d.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Consent for participation<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\nFor all research involving human subjects, informed consent to participate in the study must be obtained from the participants (or their parent or legal guardian in the case of children). All presentations of case reports must have consent for participation. A statement confirming that consent for participation has been received from all participants should appear in the section. If the study did not require it, please indicate \u201cnot applicable\u201d.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Example statement:<br \/>\n\u201cInformed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.\u201d<br \/>\n\u201cWritten informed consent was obtained from the parents of the patients.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Please refer to the section on \u201cEthics Policies\u201d for additional help.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Consent for publication<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\nIndividuals may consent to participate in a study, but object to having their data published in a journal article. If your manuscript contains any individual person\u2019s data in any form (including any individual details, images or videos), consent for publication must be obtained from that person, or in the case of children, their parent or legal guardian. All presentations of case reports must have consent for publication. A statement confirming that consent for publication has been received from all participants should appear in the section. If the study did not require it, please indicate \u201cnot applicable\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The authors can use their institutional consent form, but do not have to send them on submission. The Editorial Bord may request to confirm the consent at any stages.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Example statement:<br \/>\n\u201cThe authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Please refer to the section on \u201cEthics Policies\u201d for additional help.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><em>Citation<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\nOnly reference that have been published or accepted for publication should be cited at the appropriate point in the text by numbers in parentheses. The authors should avoid citing any paper written in a language not normally used for international scientific publications (including Japanese) and does not have an English abstract.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Examples:<br \/>\nPain research spans many disciplines (5).<br \/>\nThe present findings were supported by the previous reports (12, 13).<br \/>\nThese effects have been widely investigated (3\u20135, 10).<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unpublished observations and personal communications should be avoided.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Reference list<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\nAll references must be listed at the end of the manuscript in numerical order according to the first mention in the text, and have at least one corresponding in-text citation.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">The name of the author(s) should be followed by the full title of the paper as it appeared in the original together with the source of the reference, the volume number, the first and last page numbers, and the year of publication in parentheses.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">All authors must be listed in the references; the use of \u2018et al.\u2019 is not acceptable.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Journal titles should be abbreviated according to the National Library of Medicine\u2019s Index Medicus, please refer to: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/nlmcatalog\/journals<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">If available, please include DOIs in reference list.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A sample of the most common entries in reference lists appears below.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>JOURNAL ARTICLE<\/em><\/p>\n<ol class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Charlton E: Ethical guidelines for pain research in humans. Committee on Ethical Issues of the International Association for the Study of Pain. Pain 995: 277\u2013278 (1995). doi: 10.1016\/0304-3959(95)90040-3.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Caterina MJ, Schumacher MA, Tominaga M, Rosen TA, Levine JD, Julius D: The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway. Nature 389: 816\u2013824 (1997). doi: 10.1038\/39807.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Noguchi K, Morita Y, Kiyama H, Ono K, Tohyama M: A noxious stimulus induces the preprotachykinin-A gene expression in the rat dorsal root ganglion: a quantitative study using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Brain Res 464:31\u201335 (1988). doi: 10.1016\/0169-328x(88)90015-0.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>BOOK<\/em><\/p>\n<ol class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top wp-block-list\" start=\"4\">\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">South J, Blass B: The future of modern genomics. Blackwell, London (2001)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom wp-block-paragraph\"><em>CHAPTER IN A BOOK<\/em><\/p>\n<ol class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top wp-block-list\" start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Gold MS: Molecular Biology of Sensory Transduction. In: Wall and Melzack\u2019s textbook of pain, 6th ed. (McMahon SB, Koltzenburg M, Tracey I, Turk D, eds), pp31\u201347. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier (2013)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Figure legends<\/strong><br \/>\nManuscripts including figures must include their legends describing accurately what the figure depicts. Figure legends should be listed after the reference list on a separate page in numerical order, not in the figure file.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Figure legends begin with the figure number in bold type (<strong>Fig. 1<\/strong>, <strong>Fig. 2<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">For figures with multiple panels, the first sentence of the legend should be a brief overview of the entire figure. Explicitly reference and describe each panel.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Figure legends should include sufficient detail to be intelligible, define all symbols, and include essential information.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">If applicable, include clearly labeled error bars in all graphs and describe them.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">If applicable, provide the <em>P<\/em> value, magnification, or scale bar information.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">If applicable, indicate the number of independent data points (<em>n<\/em>) represented in each panel.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">If applicable, identify previously published material by giving the original source in the form of a reference citation at the end of figure legends.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2) Tables<\/strong><br \/>\nTables should be submitted as separate files in an editable MS-Word (.doc) or Rich Text Format (.rtf), or can be attached with the manuscript test after Figure legends. All tables must be referred to in the text in numerical sequence (Table 1, Table 2). Do not duplicate data by presenting it both in the text and in a table.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Each table should include a brief informative title above the table and its legend at the foot of the table.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Table titles begin with the table number in bold type (<strong>Table 1<\/strong>, <strong>Table 2<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Legends should include sufficient detail to be intelligible, define all symbols, and include essential information.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Do not use color or shading, bold or italic fonts, or lines to highlight information. Indention of text and sometimes, additional space between lines is preferred.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Avoid multipart tables (Table 1A, Table 1B).<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Do not use vertical lines to separate columns.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3) Figures<\/strong><br \/>\nFigures must be numbered independently of tables and referred in the text in numerical sequence (Fig. 1, Fig. 2). Do not duplicate data by presenting it both in the text and in a figure.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">The title of figure should be part of the legend and not appear as text on the figure file.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Figures must be submitted as separate image files in TIFF, JPEG or EPS format. Figures prepared as .doc\/.docx, .ppt\/.pptx, or .xls\/.xlsx files will not be accepted.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Color figures should be in RGB format and supplied at a minimum resolution of 300 dpi. Monochrome (bitmap) images must be supplied at a minimum resolution of 600 dpi. Grayscale images must be supplied at a minimum of 300 dpi.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Figure size that they are to appear: 1 column (maximum width 8.5 cm), 1.5 columns (maximum width 11.6 cm) or 2 columns (maximum width 17.6 cm). They should be the smallest size that will convey the essential scientific information.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Figures with multiple-panels should be prepared on a single page and submitted as one file. Each panel should be labeled by a letter in bold type (<strong>A<\/strong>, <strong>B<\/strong>, <strong>C<\/strong>, <strong>D<\/strong>, etc.) at the upper-left corner of each panel.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Color should only when necessary to accurately convey the information represented by the image. Grayscale generally provides a more faithful representation when a single quantity is displayed. Color illustrations should be accessible to color-blind readers.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Use textures or different line types rather than colors in bar plots or graphs.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">All photographs documenting results should include a scale bar.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">All symbols used in a figure should be explained in the legend.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">The electrophoresis of protein molecular weight size markers or nucleic acid size markers must be indicated and labeled appropriately on all figure panels showing gel electrophoresis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4) Supplementary materials<\/strong><br \/>\nAuthors can provide Supplementary materials including data sets, appendices, additional figures or tables, movie files, animations, etc., if they enhance the overall usefulness of the manuscript and are relevant to more fully understanding and utilizing the manuscript. Supplementary materials will be linked to the original paper via online, but which is not included in the typeset PDF file. Supplementary materials should be submitted as separate documents, and will be subjected to peer-review.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Supplementary materials must be referred in the text of the main manuscript.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Supply a concise, descriptive caption for each Supplementary material.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Supplementary materials will not be copyedited or typeset, and be published exactly as received files.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Style and formatting of supplementary materials should be consistent with that of the manuscript.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Supplementary material files should be no larger than 5 MB each.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Please use the following terms:<br \/>\n\u2013 for tables: \u201cTable S1\u201d, \u201cTable S2\u201d etc.<br \/>\n\u2013 for figures: \u201cFigure S1, \u201cFigure S2\u201d etc. The figure legends should be included in the figure\u2019s file.<br \/>\n\u2013 for parts of the manuscript\u2019s text: \u201cMethods S1\u201d, \u201cResults S1\u201d, or \u201cAppendix S1\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5) Graphical Abstract<\/strong><br \/>\nGraphical abstract is an image that summarizes the main findings of the research to help readers to appreciate and understand the central message at-a-glance. Graphical abstracts consist of clear images, charts, graphs, chemical structures, or other informative illustrations that show the most striking feature of the paper in visual form. It will be presented in the Table of Contents and other materials. A full-color figure in the actual size, no larger than 1,200 pixels square with a resolution of 300 dpi, should be submitted as a separate image file in TIFF, JPEG or EPS format. Do not include proprietary logos, images, or product names in the figure.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Scientific Policy<\/h4>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Nomenclature<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\nThe nomenclature used for chemical compounds must be in accordance with the guidelines published by <a href=\"https:\/\/iupac.org\/\">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)<\/a>. Alternatively, naming may conform to the nomenclature in the index of Chemical Abstracts or the Ring Index. The nomenclature style must be internally consistent within the manuscript.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Abbreviations<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\nAbbreviations must be spelled out in full and followed by the abbreviation in parentheses when first used in the Abstract and in the main text. Thereafter, the abbreviation only should be used. Please limit to a minimum the use of abbreviations in the Abstract and the Title.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Units<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\nMeasurements of length, height and volume should be reported in metric units (meter, kilogram, liter). Temperatures should be given in degrees Celsius and blood pressures in millimeters of mercury or kPa with the alternative units in parentheses. All other measurements including laboratory measurements should be reported in the metric system in terms of the International System of Units (SI).<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Drug Names<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\nGeneric names of drugs should be used where possible. When quoting from specific materials on proprietary drugs, authors must state in parentheses the name and address of the manufacturer.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Manuscript Submission<\/h4>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Manuscripts should be submitted via the online manuscript submission, review, and tracking system \u201c<strong>Editorial Manager<sup>\u00ae<\/sup><\/strong>\u201d at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.editorialmanager.com\/pain-res\/\">https:\/\/www.editorialmanager.com\/pain-res\/<\/a>. We will not accept any manuscripts submitted as an E-mail attachment or by post. New users will be required to register and create an account. Once a user is logged in the web site, submissions should be made via the Author Center.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before entering the submission web site, please refer to this \u201cInstruction for Authors\u201d for overall guidelines for how your manuscript should be structured and formatted. Then, be sure to refer to the \u201cTutorial for Authors\u201d (Author Manual) available at the submission web site, which will provide you with more detailed, technical, and other important information.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During the submission process, authors will be asked to select one Section Editor and two Associate Editors whose specialties are listed in the Editorial Board member list. Authors will be also asked to give the name, institutions and e-mail addresses of five potential suggested reviewers (at least two reviewers). The journal may consider these requests but is under no obligation to honor them; the Editors have complete discretion over the selection of reviewers. Authors may request no more than five opposed reviewers who do not wish to be reviewed.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ORCID<br \/>\nAs part of the journal\u2019s commitment to supporting authors at every step of the publishing process, <em>Pain Research<\/em> encourages all authors to provide an ORCID ID when submitting a manuscript. It takes seconds to do: click the link when prompted, sign into your ORCID account and our systems are automatically updated.<br \/>\nIf authors do not have an ORCID ID, please follow this link to create one.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Brief guidelines for electronic submission procedures<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Prepare the text (title page, abstract, main text, acknowledgements, declarations, reference list, legends for Figures, and Tables) and cover letter by MS-Word. Tables can be prepared with a separate file.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Prepare the Figures and a Graphical abstract using applications that are capable of generating high-resolution image files. Figure legends should not be included in the file.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Login as an author to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.editorialmanager.com\/pain-res\/\">Editorial Manager<sup>\u00ae<\/sup><\/a>. You are required to have your login ID. If you do not have one, you can easily get an ID by registering your name and E-mail address or by ORCID.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">Click \u201cSubmit New Manuscript\u201d and then select article type.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">On the \u201cAttach File\u201d page, upload the files by selecting the appropriate entry item such as i) Manuscript, ii) Table(s), iii) Figure(s), iv) Cover letter, v) Supplementary materials, vi) Graphical Abstract and vii) Others. Cover letter, Manuscript, Table(s), Figure(s) and Graphical Abstract will be built into a single PDF file; Supplementary materials will be accessed via PDF file with links; Others will not be included in PDF file, but will be accessible to the Editorial Office and Editor only as a companion file; include the COI statement; a certificate of approval issued by the ethical committee for experiments using human subjects; an \u201cIn Press\u201d article to be referred to; or appended data\/information necessary for the manuscript.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">On the \u201cGeneral Information\u201d page, select article section (Basic or Clinical Section), and identify submission\u2019s areas of interest and specialization by selecting 1 to 3 classifications.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom vk_block-margin-0--margin-top\">On the \u201cSuggested reviewers\u201d page, enter the name, institutions and e-mail addresses of 2 to 5 potential suggested reviewers with specific reason for your suggestion. You can suggest no more than five opposed reviewers who you would prefer not to review this submission.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom vk_block-margin-0--margin-top\">On the \u201cAdditional information\u201d page, answer the questionnaires. You can suggest one Section Editor and two Associated Editors.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom vk_block-margin-0--margin-top\">On the \u201cComments\u201d page, if you have any additional comments you would like to send to the publication office, enter them.<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">On the \u201cManuscript data\u201d page, enter the full title (limit 25 words), Abstract (limit 250\/150\/100 words), Keywords (limit 5\/3 keywords), and all authors. These fields will be populated with information collected from your uploaded submission file. Please review these fields to be sure we found the correct information and fill in any missing details<\/li>\n<li class=\"vk_block-margin-0--margin-top vk_block-margin-0--margin-bottom\">After automatically building a formatted PDF file, download and check the file by clicking \u201cView Submission\u201d. If needed, make corrections by clicking \u201cEdit Submission\u201d. Then, you must approve the submission before it is sent to the Editorial Office by clicking \u201cApprove Submission\u201d. In addition to the Action links of the left, the Author may be required to accept terms of submission, by clicking the checkbox next to \u2018I accept\u2019.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Editorial and peer review<\/h4>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>PAIN Research<\/em> is committed to prompt peer-review and publication of scientific papers. To maintain a high-quality publication, all submissions undergo a detailed review process. All manuscripts are initially screened by the editorial office to ensure adherence to the editorial and submission guidelines. <em>PAIN Research<\/em> Editor-in-Chief, Section Editors and Associate Editors review all submissions for suitability for the journal; manuscripts may be rejected without review at this stage. Submissions deemed complete and appropriate for the scope of the journal then undergo rigorous single-blind peer review by at least two independent expert reviewers to assess the scientific quality of the paper. Once all reviews are complete, the Editors-in-Chief makes a final decision and either accepts the manuscript, returns constructive peer-review feedback to the authors, or rejects the manuscript. If a paper is revised and resubmitted it undergoes additional screening by editors and possibly by reviewers, and line editing is performed by the editors. Editors are not involved in decisions about papers which they have written themselves or have been written by family members or colleagues or which relate to products or services in which the editor has an interest. Any such submission is subject to all of the journal\u2019s usual procedures, with peer review handled independently of the relevant editor and their research groups.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. After Acceptance<\/h4>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Article processing charges: <\/strong><em>PAIN Research<\/em> is an open access, peer-reviewed journal, and requires to pay a yen-dominated article processing charge (APC) for publication. APCs in USD (or GBP, EUR etc.) change according to the exchange rate against the Japanese yen. There is no fee to submit an article to the journal; however, the journal charges publication fees at acceptance stage, and the corresponding author will be asked to pay the APC via a payment link by credit card. Fees vary by article type (see table above). If the first author, last author or corresponding author is a JASP member, a substantially membership discount will be applied.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Open access:<\/strong> <em>PAIN Research<\/em> is fully open access; all articles will be immediately and permanently free for everyone to read and download. Permitted reuse is defined by the following Creative Commons user license: <strong>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND)<\/strong>: for non-commercial purposes, lets others distribute and copy the article, and to include in a collective work (such as an anthology), as long as they credit the author(s) and provided they do not alter or modify the article. If you need to comply with your funding body policy you can apply for a CC-BY license after your manuscript is accepted for publication.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Use of the Digital Object Identifier:<\/strong> The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) may be used to cite and link to electronic documents. The DOI is assigned to a document by the publisher upon the initial electronic publication. The assigned DOI never changes. Therefore, it is an ideal medium for citing a document. When you use a DOI to create links to documents on the web, the DOIs are guaranteed never to change.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Proofs:<\/strong> One set of page proofs as PDF files will be sent by e-mail to the corresponding author. Please mark the corrections and any other comments (including replies to the Query Form) on a printout of your proof, and then scan the pages and return by e-mail. Please use this proof only for checking the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of the text, tables and figures. Significant changes to the article as accepted for publication will only be considered at this stage with permission from the Editor. To publish your article quickly and accurately, please let us have all your corrections within 48 hours. Proofreading is solely your responsibility. 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